Shannon entropy as a predictor of avoided crossing in confined atoms

Avoided crossing is one of the unique spectroscopic features of a confined atomic system. Shannon information entropy of the ground state and some of the excited states of confined H atom as a predictor of avoided crossing is studied in this work. This is accomplished by varying the strength of the confinement and examining structure properties like ionization energy and Shannon information entropy. Along with the energy level repulsion at the avoided crossing, Shannon information entropy is also exchanged between the involved states. This work also addresses a question: In addition to that regarding localization, what other property of the system can be extracted from Shannon entropy? Insightful connection is discovered between Shannon entropy and the average value of confinement potential, Coulomb potential, and kinetic energy.     

原子转移自由基聚合法用于以单分散树脂为基质的强阳离子交换色谱固定相的制备及其色谱性能研究

以7μm单分散交联聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯树脂表面键合溴异丁酰溴为引发剂,以CuCl/CuCl2/2,2-联二吡啶(Bpy)为催化体系,采用封闭体系,在氮气保护下,以乙烯基苯磺酸钠(NaSS)为单体、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)水溶液为溶剂,制备了强阳离子交换色谱(SCX)固定相,并用元素分析与红外光谱法对其进行了表征....     

脯氨酸与Ag和Ag+相互作用及性质

用X3LYP杂化密度泛函方法在LACV3P^**++基组水平上对脯氨酸(Pro)的15种构象与Ag原子和Ag⁺离子形成多种配合物的几何结构、电子结构、振转光谱和能量学特征进行了计算研究, 结果得到17种Pro-Ag和23种Pro-Ag⁺稳定结构. 数据分析表明: (1) Pro-Ag配合物中仅有Pro的9种构象出现, 而Pro-Ag⁺配合物中则都涉及, 最稳定结构并不是能量最低的Pro构象与Ag或Ag⁺生成; (2) Pro与4d¹⁰5s¹组态的Ag结合主要是范德华作用力, 对Pro结构影响很小, 配合物中存在较弱的特殊O―H…Ag氢键. 外层5s5p全空的Ag⁺与配位原子间生成σ配位键. 前者以单配位最稳定, 后者以双配位最稳定; (3) Ag原子与Pro配位结合能小于-19 kJ·mol^-1, 而Ag⁺与Pro的结合能在-117 - -255 kJ·mol^-1范围, 形成热力学稳定体系Pro-Ag⁺; (4) 自然键轨道(NBO)布局分析显示 Pro-Ag和Pro-Ag⁺体系中Ag都获得少量负电荷, 配合物的前线轨道能量差(Δε)均比两个碎片的低. 配合物中O―H和N―H键的红移和蓝移都存在.     

O与O2在Au团簇上吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的Dmol³程序系统研究了O原子与O₂在 Au₁₉与Au₂₀团簇上的吸附反应行为. 结果表明: O在Au₁₉团簇顶端洞位上的吸附较Au₂₀强; 在侧桥位吸附强度相近. O与O₂在带负电Au团簇上吸附较强, 在正电团簇吸附较弱. 从O―O键长看, 当金团簇带负电时, O―O键长较长, 中性团簇次之, 正电团簇中O―O键长较短, 因而O₂活化程度依次减弱. 电荷布居分析表明, Au团簇带负电时, O与O₂得电子数较中性团簇多, 而团簇带正电时, 得电子数较少. 差分电荷密度(CDD)表明, O₂与Au团簇作用时, 金团簇失电子, O₂的π^*轨道得电子, 使O―O键活化. O₂在Au₁₉^-团簇上解离反应活化能为1.33 eV, 较中性团簇低0.53 eV; 而在Au₁₉⁺上活化能为2.27 eV, 较中性团簇高0.41 eV, 这与O₂在不同电性Au₁₉团簇O―O键活化规律相一致.     

NFeN结构和性质及反应势能曲线

用B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法对化合物NFeN弯曲型和直线型的不同自旋多重度多个电子态的几何结构、电子结构、能量和振动光谱进行了计算研究. 结果表明, 单重态中Fe―N键长普遍比三重态和五重态中的短, 在155 pm左右; NFeN三重态电子结构最丰富, 自然键轨道和Mulliken布居显示Fe―N键具有部分离子键特征; 两种结构的所有稳定态中能量最低的是1⁵A₂态, 能量相近的有1³B₁、1³A₂、1³B₂和1¹A₁态, 直线型中能量最低是³Δ_g态; 相对于分子基态反应物Fe(a⁵D)+N₂(X¹Σ_g⁺)所有电子态的能量都偏高, 该反应在热力学上是不利的, 但是对于原子态反应物Fe(a⁵D)+2N(⁴S)则是放热反应; 计算振动频率和强度与实验较吻合的是1³B₁态; 复合物FeN₂与化合物NFeN结构差异明显; Fe原子直接插入N₂分子的势能曲线表明该反应能垒很高, 在动力学上也是不利的.     

拉伸过程中晶向对银单原子线形成几率影响的分子动力学模拟

采用基于原子镶嵌势函数的分子动力学方法, 模拟了银纳米线沿[100]、[110]和[111]晶向拉伸过程中的空间原子结构和性能. 研究结果表明不同晶向的材料力学性质有显著不同, 屈服应力按照[111]、[110]和[100]依次降低. 从形变位图观察到纳米线在断裂前形成单原子线排列. 由900个分子动力学模拟样本统计得出沿三个晶向形成单原子线的几率, 其中沿[111]晶向形成单原子线的几率明显高于其他两个晶向. 本文从形变机理阐述了单原子线生成几率与晶向的依赖关系.     

Cross-Linked Polyphosphazene Hollow Nanosphere-Derived N/P-Doped Porous Carbon with Single Nonprecious Metal Atoms for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Heteroatom-doped polymers or carbon nanospheres have attracted broad research interest. However, rational synthesis of these nanospheres with controllable properties is still a great challenge. Herein, we develop a template-free approach to construct cross-linked polyphosphazene nanospheres with tunable hollow structures. As comonomers, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene provides N and P atoms, tannic acid can coordinate with metal ions, and the replaceable third comonomer can endow the materials with various properties. After carbonization, N/P-doped mesoporous carbon nanospheres were obtained with small particle size (≈50 nm) and high surface area (411.60 m² g⁻¹). Structural characterization confirmed uniform dispersion of the single atom transition metal sites (i.e., Co-N₂P₂) with N and P dual coordination. Electrochemical measurements and theoretical simulations revealed the oxygen reduction reaction performance. This work provides a solution for fabricating diverse heteroatom-containing polymer nanospheres and their derived single metal atom doped carbon catalysts.     

Chemical promenades: Exploring potential-energy surfaces with immersive virtual reality

The virtual-reality framework AVATAR (Advanced Virtual Approach to Topological Analysis of Reactivity) for the immersive exploration of potential-energy landscapes is presented. AVATAR is based on modern consumer-grade virtual-reality technology and builds on two key concepts: (a) the reduction of the dimensionality of the potential-energy surface to two process-tailored, physically meaningful generalized coordinates, and (b) the analogy between the evolution of a chemical process and a pathway through valleys (potential wells) and mountain passes (saddle points) of the associated potential energy landscape. Examples including the discovery of competitive reaction paths in simple A + BC collisional systems and the interconversion between conformers in ring-puckering motions of flexible rings highlight the innovation potential that augmented and virtual reality convey for teaching, training, and supporting research in chemistry.     

Redox Chemistry of a Hydroxyphenyl‐Substituted Borane

Chemical reduction of a hydroxyphenyl‐substituted borane triggers a sequential electron‐ and intramolecular hydrogen‐atom‐transfer process to afford a hydridoborate phenoxide dianion. On the other hand, hydrogen‐atom abstraction of the borane leads to the isolation of a neutral borylated phenoxyl radical, which can be transformed to the corresponding benzoquinone borataalkene derivative by reduction with cobaltocene.     

Revealing the Distribution of the Atoms within Individual Bimetallic Catalyst Nanoparticles

To be able to correlate the catalytic properties of nanoparticles with their structure, detailed knowledge about their make‐up on the atomic level is required. Herein, we demonstrate how atom‐probe tomography (APT) can be used to quantitatively determine the three‐dimensional distribution of atoms within a Au@Ag nanoparticle with near‐atomic resolution. We reveal that the elements are not evenly distributed across the surface and that this distribution is related to the surface morphology and residues from the particle synthesis.